India and Australia have held their second two-plus-two ministerial dialogue, focusing on strengthening defence and security partnerships, boosting trade and investment ties, and enhancing Indo-Pacific cooperation. Both countries expressed concerns about China’s expansionist actions in the region and agreed to enhance bilateral defence ties, including in areas such as AI, cyber, anti-submarine, and anti-drone warfare. Both of them discussed China’s salami-slicing tactics on India’s land borders and its naval activities in the Indian Ocean Region.